高中课程指导309：李华，超好用的传统文化素材（四大名著）请收好
高中的同学们也可以快速看一看，万一今后高考李华要介绍四大名著呢？
Journey to the West
《西游记》
Journey to the West is a Chinese novel published in the 16th century during the Ming dynasty and attributed to Wu Cheng'en. It is regarded as one of the greatest Classic Chinese Novels, and has been described as the most popular literary work in East Asia.
《西游记》是明代出版于16世纪的一部中国小说，作者吴承恩。它是最伟大的中国古典小说之一，是东亚地区最受欢迎的文学作品。
The novel is an extended account of the legendary pilgrimage of the Tang dynasty Buddhist monk Xuanzang, who traveled to the "Western Regions" (Central Asia and India) to obtain Buddhist sacred texts and returned after many trials and much suffering. The monk is referred to as Tang Sanzang in the novel. The novel retains the broad outline of Xuanzang's own account, Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, but adds elements from folk tales and the author's invention: Gautama Buddha gives this task to the monk and provides him with three protectors who agree to help him as an atonement for their sins. These disciples are Sun Wukong, Zhu Bajie, and Sha Wujing, together with a dragon prince who acts as Tang Sanzang's steed, a white horse.
这部小说在唐代佛教高僧玄奘传奇朝圣之旅基础上改编，他前往“西域”（中亚和印度）求取佛教经文，在经历了重重考验和磨难后返回大唐。小说中这位高僧名叫唐三藏。小说保留了玄奘自撰的《大唐西域记》的大致框架，但增加了民间故事和作者自己的想象：释迦摩尼将一项任务交给唐三藏，并为他找了三个为赎罪孽而同意帮助唐三藏的弟子。这三个弟子是孙悟空、猪八戒和沙悟净，以及一个充当唐三藏坐骑白马的小白龙王子。
Journey to the West has strong roots in Chinese folk religion, Chinese mythology, Confucianism, Taoist, and Buddhist theology, and the pantheon of Taoist immortals and Buddhist bodhisattvas are still reflective of some Chinese religious attitudes today. Enduringly popular, the novel is at once a comic adventure story, a humorous satire of Chinese bureaucracy, a source of spiritual insight, and an extended allegory.
《西游记》深深植根于中国民间宗教、中国神话、儒家、道教和佛教神学文化，道教神仙和佛教菩萨的神仙群体仍反映出当今中国的一些宗教看法。这部小说经久不衰，既是一个喜剧冒险故事，也是对中国官僚主义的幽默讽刺，是精神洞察力的源泉，也是深刻的寓言。
Characters
Tang Sanzang: Based on Xuanzang, a real monk who traveled to India in the 7th century, Tang Sanzang is a monk trusted with leading a group of pilgrims to bring the original Buddhist scriptures back to China. However, the journey is dangerous, and he, being a monk, cannot fight the monsters in his way.
唐三藏：源自公元7世纪游历印度的真实僧人玄奘，唐三藏是一位可靠的僧人，带领一群朝圣者将原始佛经带回中国，然而旅途险恶，身为僧人的他无法以自己的方式与妖怪作战。
Sun Wukong: Also known as the Monkey King, Sun Wukong was born from a stone egg and is obsessed with gaining immortality. After various great feats, he is given charge of the stables in heaven. However, his tricks and antics eventually lead him to be sealed under a mountain for five hundred years until Tang Sanzang finds him. The Monkey King in "Journey to the West" is one of the novel's most popular characters due to his humor and fighting prowess.
孙悟空：又名美猴王，仙石孕育而生，痴迷于长生不老。在各种壮举之后，他被封为掌管天庭马厩的弼马温，但他的不服从管教最终导致他被封印在一座山下五百年，直到唐三藏找到他，《西游记》中的孙悟空幽默，战斗能力强，是小说中最受欢迎的人物之一。
Zhu Bajie: Often called Monk Pig or simply Pig in English translations, Zhu Bajie was once an immortal Marshal of the Heavenly Canopy. However, after getting drunk and harassing the goddess of the moon, he was banished to be reincarnated. Due to an error in the Reincarnation Wheel, he is born not from a human, but a pig, resulting in him being reborn as a half-pig, half-man. He is tasked with following Tang Sanzang in his quest.
猪八戒：英文译名Monk Pig或简称猪，猪八戒曾是天蓬元帅，但醉酒骚扰月神嫦娥后，被逐出天界转世，由于转世轮的错误，他错投成猪胎，导致他重生为半猪半人。他的任务是跟随唐三藏西去取经。
Sha Wujing: Dubbed as Sandy of Friar Sand in English translations, Sha Wujing was a General in heaven but was banished after accidentally smashing a crystal goblet. Made to look hideous, he eventually joined the pilgrimage with Tang Sanzang after his exile.
沙悟净：英文译名Sandy of Friar Sand，沙悟净是天庭卷帘大将，但因意外打碎水晶杯而被逐出天界。他面貌丑陋，最终在流放后与唐三藏一起去取经。
Yulong: Yulong is a dragon, technically called the White Dragon Horse, who eats Tang Sanzang's horse. However, he is then required to turn into a horse in order to serve as penance.
小白龙：小白龙是一条龙，书中称为白龙马，它吃了唐三藏的马。为了赎罪，他变成白龙马。
Water Margin
《水浒传》
The Water Margin, is one of the most powerful narratives to emerge from China. The book, conventionally attributed to an otherwise obscure Yuan dynasty figure called Shi Nai’an, takes the form of a skein of connected tales surrounding various heroic figures who — persecuted, exploited, wronged, or trapped by venal officials — eventually band together in the fortress of Mount Liang, in the present-day province of Shandong.
《水浒传》是中国的最有影响力的叙事小说之一。这本书通常被认为是由元朝一位名不见经传的人物施耐庵写的，它采用了章回小说的形式，围绕着各种英雄人物，这些人物——被迫害、剥削、冤枉或被贪官污吏设计——最终聚集在今天山东梁山要塞。
It is considered one of the masterpieces of early vernacular fiction and Chinese literature. It has introduced readers to many of the best-known characters in Chinese literature, such as Wu Song, Lin Chong, Pan Jinlian, Song Jiang and Lu Zhishen.
这本书是早期白话小说和中国文学的杰作之一。它为读者塑造了中国文学中众多著名人物形象，如武松、林冲、潘金莲、宋江和鲁智深。
Its influence has gone far beyond the usual genres of fiction, film, art, and theatre.
这本书的影响远远超出了一般类型的小说、电影、艺术和戏剧。
The 36 Heavenly Spirits 天罡三十六星
Song Jiang (宋江), nicknamed "Timely Rain" (及時雨)
Lu Junyi (卢俊义), nicknamed "Jade Qilin" (玉麒麟)
Wu Yong (吴用), nicknamed "Resourceful Star" (智多星)
Gongsun Sheng (公孙胜), nicknamed "Dragon in the Clouds" (入云龙)
Guan Sheng (关胜), nicknamed "Great Blade" (大刀)
Lin Chong (林沖), nicknamed "Panther Head" (豹子头)
Qin Ming (秦明), nicknamed "Fiery Thunderbolt" (霹雳火)
Huyan Zhuo (呼延灼), nicknamed "Double Clubs" (双鞭)
Hua Rong (花荣), nicknamed "Little Li Guang" (小李广)
Chai Jin (柴进), nicknamed "Little Whirlwind" (小旋风)
Li Ying (李应), nicknamed "Striking Hawk" (扑天雕)
Zhu Tong (朱仝), nicknamed "Lord of the Beautiful Beard" (美髯公)
Lu Zhishen (鲁智深), nicknamed "Flowery Monk" (花和尚)
Wu Song (武松), nicknamed "Pilgrim" (行者)
Dong Ping (董平), nicknamed "General of Double Spears" (双枪将)
Zhang Qing (张清), nicknamed "Featherless Arrow" (沒羽箭)
Yang Zhi (杨志), nicknamed "Blue Faced Beast" (青面兽)
Xu Ning (徐宁), nicknamed "Gold Lancer" (金枪手)
Suo Chao (索超), nicknamed "Impatient Vanguard" (急先锋)
Dai Zong (戴宗), nicknamed "Magic Traveller" (神行太保)
Liu Tang (刘唐), nicknamed "Red Haired Devil" (赤发鬼)
Li Kui (李逵), nicknamed "Black Whirlwind" (黑旋风)
Shi Jin (史进), nicknamed "Nine Tattooed Dragons" (九纹龙)
Mu Hong (穆弘), nicknamed "Unrestrained" (没遮拦)
Lei Heng (雷横), nicknamed "Winged Tiger" (插翅虎)
Li Jun (李俊), nicknamed "Turbulent River Dragon" (混江龙)
Ruan Xiaoer (阮小二), nicknamed "Tai Sui Who Stands His Ground" (立地太岁)
Zhang Heng (张横), nicknamed "Boatman" (船火儿)
Ruan Xiaowu (阮小五), nicknamed "Short-lived Second Brother" (短命二郎)
Zhang Shun (张顺), nicknamed "White Stripe in the Waves" (浪里白条)
Ruan Xiaoqi (阮小七), nicknamed "Living King Yama" (活阎罗)
Yang Xiong (杨雄), nicknamed "Sick Guan Suo" (病关索)
Shi Xiu (石秀), nicknamed "Daredevil Third Brother" (拼命三郎)
Xie Zhen (解珍), nicknamed "Double-headed Serpent" (兩头蛇)
Xie Bao (解宝), nicknamed "Twin-tailed Scorpion" (双尾蝎)
Yan Qing (燕青), nicknamed "Prodigal/Wanderer" (浪子)
Romance of the Three Kingdoms
三国演义
Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a 14th-century historical novel attributed to Luo Guanzhong. It is set in the turbulent years towards the end of the Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period in Chinese history. The novel is based primarily on the Records of the Three Kingdoms, written by Chen Shou.
《三国演义》是一部创作于14世纪的历史演义小说，罗贯中著。故事发生在中国历史上的东汉末年三国时期。这部小说主要根据陈寿所著的《三国志》改编。
The story – part historical and part fictional – romanticises and dramatises the lives of feudal lords and their retainers, who tried to replace the dwindling Han dynasty or restore it. While the novel follows hundreds of characters, the focus is mainly on the three power blocs that emerged from the remnants of the Han dynasty, and would eventually form the three states of Cao Wei, Shu Han, and Eastern Wu. The novel deals with the plots, personal and military battles, intrigues, and struggles of these states to achieve dominance for almost 100 years.
这个故事部分是历史的，部分是虚构的，它将封建君主和试图取而代之或恢复衰落汉朝的臣子的生活，进行浪漫化和戏剧化创作。虽然这部小说中有数百个人物，但重点主要是从汉朝残余势力中涌现的三个权力集团，这三个权力集团最终形成曹魏、蜀汉和东吴三国。这部小说讲述了魏蜀吴三国在近100年中为获得统治地位而进行的群雄和军事斗争、阴谋和角逐的情节。
Romance of the Three Kingdoms is acclaimed as one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature; it has a total of 800,000 words and nearly a thousand dramatic characters (mostly historical) in 120 chapters. The novel is among the most beloved works of literature in East Asia, and its literary influence in the region has been compared to that of the works of Shakespeare on English literature.
《三国演义》被誉为中国文学四大古典小说之一；总共有80万字，120章节中近千个戏剧人物（大部分是历史人物）。这部小说是东亚最受欢迎的文学作品之一，它在东亚地区的文学影响力堪比莎士比亚对英国文学的影响。
Characters
Cao Cao
曹操
Cao Cao was a warlord and government official of China's late Han Dynasty. Later in life, he gained control of China's northern plains, which he ruled as Wei.
曹操是中国汉末权臣。晚年，他控制了中国北部平原，以魏国的名义统治该地。
Liu Bei
刘备
Leader of Shu forces, sworn brother to Zhang Fei and Guan Yu. He believes that the people of the land deserve justice and support.
刘备是蜀军领袖，张飞和关羽的结拜兄弟。他认为这片土地上的人民应该得到正义和支持。
Guan Yu
关羽
Guan Yu was a general serving under Liu Bei of the Kingdom of Shu. He is one of the best known historical figures throughout East Asia.
关羽是蜀国刘备手下的将军。他是东亚最著名的历史人物之一。
Zhang Fei
张飞
Sworn brother to Liu Bei and Guan Yu. Rumored to have the strength of a thousand men. One of the Five Tiger Generals.
张飞与刘备、关羽结拜兄弟。传闻为“万人敌”。五虎将之一。
Zhuge Liang
诸葛亮
Brilliant strategist of Shu Han. Known far and wide as the Sleeping Dragon, a man of great learning and wisdom. Instrumental in the founding of Shu and the rise of his lord, Liu Bei.
诸葛亮是蜀汉杰出战略家，号卧龙，一个博学和智慧的人。诸葛亮在蜀国的建立和领主刘备的崛起中发挥了重要作用。
Zhao Yun
赵云
Loyal general to Liu Bei. Once ran into an enemy advancing force to save Liu Bei's baby child. One of the Five Tiger Generals of the Shu.
赵云忠于刘备。曾经为了救刘备的孩子，闯入敌军先头部队。蜀国五虎将之一。
Sima Yi
司马懿
Strategist for the Wei forces. Just as ruthless as Cao Cao and easily sacrifices his own men to set a trap.
魏军的军师。像曹操一样无情，轻易牺牲自己的人来设圈套。
三国演义成语翻译
草船借箭 to borrow arrows with thatched boats
说曹操, 曹操就到 speaking of Cao Cao, and Cao Cao arrives
司马昭之心，路人皆知 one's evil ambitions are apparent to everyone
分久必合，合久必分 This world will seperate after long time united. Also will do the opposite after long time pliting.
万事俱备，只欠东风 Everything is in order except what is crucial
身在曹营心在汉 While I may physically be here, my heart belongs elsewhere.
赔了夫人又折兵 to suffer a double whammy after trying to take advantage of something
Dream of the Red Chamber
红楼梦
Dream of the Red Chamber or The Story of the Stone is a novel composed by Cao Xueqin in the middle of the 18th century. One of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature, it is known for its psychological scope, and its observation of the worldview, aesthetics, life-styles, and social relations of 18th-century China.
《红楼梦》是曹雪芹于18世纪中叶创作的一部小说，是中国四大古典名著之一，因其对18世纪时中国的世界观、美学、生活方式和社会关系的洞察而闻名。
Cao apparently began composing it in the 1740s and worked on it until his death in 1763 or 1764. Copies of his uncompleted manuscript circulated in Cao's social circle, under the title Story of a Stone. It was not published until nearly three decades after Cao's death, when Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan , edited the first and second printed editions under the title Dream of the Red Chamber in 1791–92, adding 40 chapters. It is still debated whether Gao and Cheng composed these chapters themselves and the extent to which they did or did not represent Cao's intentions. Their 120 chapter edition became the most widely circulated version.
曹雪芹似乎在17世纪40年代开始创作这本书，并一直努力撰写，直到他于1763年或1764年去世。曹雪芹未完成的手稿抄本在他的社交圈中流传，署名为《石头记》。这本书直到曹雪芹死后近30年才出版，当时高鹗和程伟元在1791年至1792年以《红楼梦》的署名整理了第一和第二版印刷版，在原作基础上增加了40章。高鹗和程伟元是否自己创作了这些章节，以及这些章节多大程度上能代表曹雪芹的想法仍有争议。高鹗和程伟元出版的120章版本成为流传最广的版本。
In the novel's frame story, a sentient Stone, left over when the goddess Nüwa mended the heaven aeons ago, wants to enjoy the pleasures of the "red dust" (the mundane world). The Stone begs a Taoist priest and a Buddhist monk to take it with them to see the world. The Stone, along with a companion, is then given a chance to learn from human existence, and enters the mortal realm, reborn as Jia Baoyu ("Precious Jade").
在小说的前言故事中，上古时期女娲补天时留下的一块有意识的石头想要享受“红尘”（世俗世界）的乐趣。石头恳求道士和僧侣带着它去看世界。石头和一个同伴，获得了了解人世间的机会，进入凡间，重生为贾宝玉（“珍贵的玉石”）。
As the carefree adolescent male heir of the family, Baoyu in this life has a special bond with his sickly cousin Lin Daiyu, who shares his love of music and poetry. Baoyu, however, is predestined to marry another cousin, Xue Baochai, whose grace and intelligence exemplify an ideal woman, but with whom he lacks an emotional connection. The romantic rivalry and friendship among the three characters against the backdrop of the family's declining fortunes form the central story.
作为家族无忧无虑的正处青春期的男性继承人，此生的宝玉与体弱多病的表妹林黛玉有着特殊的纽带，林黛玉与他一样热爱音乐和诗歌。然而，宝玉注定要与另一个表亲薛宝钗结婚，薛宝钗的优雅和智慧呈现了一个理想女人的样子，但薛宝钗与贾宝玉缺乏情感联系。在家庭命运衰落的背景下，三个角色之间的感情竞争和友谊构成了中心故事。