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1、Feminism Interpretation in Jane Eyre从女性主义的角度分析简爱摘要夏洛蒂勃朗特是十九世纪英国杰出的女作家，她的代表作简爱自出版以来受到读者和文学评论者的广泛关注和欢迎。从很大程度上讲，简爱被认为是作者的心理历程的自传体小说。 夏洛蒂把自己的很多的人生经历和性格特点都赋予了她作品中的女主人公一简爱。外表平平、孤独贫苦、无依无靠的简爱在作品伊始就一直处于社会的边缘地位，因而经历了一个漫长的确定自己女性意识的痛苦的心理历程。 此篇论文旨在从女性主义的角度，通过对作品中女主角简。爱、海伦及梅森的分析，揭示这部小说中所反映的维多利亚时期女性性别意识的觉醒和当时女性的社会
2、地位， 从而进一步了解作为女性作家的夏洛蒂在作品中反映出的女性作家的性别颠覆意识。论文第一章简要介绍了作品创作的社会背景、 作品的类型及论文的主题。 第二章阐明了该论文的理论依据一女性主义的形成以及对简 爱创作的影响。第三章通过对比作者的 人生经历和简爱的故事梗概，为后面章节从女性主义的角度进一步确定和探讨分析作 者夏洛蒂的性别颠覆意识奠定基础。第四章分析了简爱的女性意识从萌芽、发展到成熟的三个主要阶段。 简爱女性意识的发展也正映射出维多利亚时期女性主义的蓬勃发展及女性争取平等和权利的意识。第五章通过分析作品中三位主要女性简爱、海伦和梅森的命运，反映了作者所处时代的社会现实、 女性地位和女性意
3、识的局限性。 第六章是论文的结论。 维多利亚时期，女性作家夏洛蒂勃朗特通过对小说中女主人公的形象塑造表达作者特殊的女性话语，简 .爱的形象成功驳斥了维多利亚时代认为女性天生是冲动的没有理性的动物。本文认为虽然女性意识的发展仍然受到社会等级和社会地位的限制， 但总体来说， 随着时代的发展，女性地位和女性意识都得到了不同程度的提高。关键词：简爱；夏洛蒂.勃朗特；女权主义；AbstractCharlotte Brotte is a remarkable woman writer in the 19th-century English literature. Her masterpiece Jane
9、ing literary feminism, and both the positive and negative characterizations of Jane Eyre in the text reveal the writer's feminist value in the Victorian England. This paper also demonstrates that the positive development of female consciousness had achieved and also the limitation of female cons
11、 three-quarters of a century in the past; the French Revolution has run its course; the Napoleonic Wars had ended before Charlotte Brotte was even born. Life in Charlotte Brotte's England was relatively. stable, with everyone knowing his or her place in the social order and most people accepting
12、 that place without public complaint. The agitation for women's rights that had resulted from the revolutionary ideas that all people were entitled to equal opportunities had gone underground. Late eighteenth-century proponents of rights for women, such as Mary Wollstonecraft, had been discredit
14、e Brotte, the writer. Charlotte Brotte had been raised by a father who taught his children to think for themselves. Charlotte Broad learned to trust her instincts, instincts that encouraged her to believe that women, as well as men, had a need to dream, to explore, that they "need exercise for
15、their faculties, and a field for their efforts as much as their brothers do" (Jane Eyre, 130). Charlotte Brotte wrote in a world in which the rebellions were not so much those of political entitles against one another as of individuals who recognized a need to stretch their wings and explore th
17、yre. Jane Eyre Takes the form of both a fictional autobiography and a bildungsroman. As a autobiography, it presents the story of Jane's life from her own adult perspective and in her own words. As a bildungsroman, it is the story of the education of an individual, both through formal education
19、e Bildungsroman, a novel that details the growth and development of a main character through several periods of life, began as a German genre in the seventeenth century, but by the mid-1800s had become firmly established in England as well. Such important Victorian novels asDavid Copperfield base th
20、emselves on this form, which continues as an important literary sub-genre even today. The Bildungsroman typically told the story of a man growing from boyhood to adulthood; Charlotte Bronte's appropriation of the form for her heroine represents one of the many ways in which her novel challenges
21、the accepted Victorian conceptions of gender hierarchy, making the statement that a woman's inner development merits as much attention and analysis as that of a man. Still, although Jane herself and Jane Eyre as a novel are often identified as important early figures in the feminist movement, Ja
22、ne experiences much inner questioning regarding her gender role; she is not a staunch and confident feminist at all times. That is, while Jane is possessed of an immense integrity and a determination to succeed on her own terms, her failure to conform to ideals of female beauty nonetheless troubles
24、quot; appeared several centuries ago, while even till now no definition can be given to it without sounding at least slightly vague. In the encyclopedia on line, feminism is defined as a social theory and political movement. Primary informed and motivated experience of women, it provides a critique
25、of gender inequality and promotes women's rights, interests and issues."Feminism is difficult to define because of the many different kinds of feminisms, which exist today. Most feminists hold a belief that women as a group are treated oppressively and differently from men; they are subject
26、 to personal and institutional discrimination (Steven Goldberg, 1973). Feminists believe that being female to a large extent determines one's life. Being female means having certain anatomy, chemistry, genes and other biological determinants. Being a woman means having a certain gender, specific
27、ally femininity. Generally speaking, being feminine means being nurturing, responsible, and passive. Feminists also believe that society is organized in such a way that it works, in. general, to the benefit of men rather than women. This does not imply that all men in different degrees, but also it
28、does not imply that all men take part in the continuance of the system, since men can decide to oppose the oppression of other groups. But it does imply that there is a general difference in the way that men and women are treated in society as a whole and in the way that they view themselves and oth
29、ers view them as gendered beings."And feminist theorists aim to understand the nature of inequality and focus on gender politics, power relations and sexuality. Feminist political activists advocate for social, political, and economic equality between the sexes. They campaign on issues such as
31、g feminist political agenda, and they share a confidence in the power of language to help liberate women from oppressive circumstances and identitiesWhen we talk about the Feminist criticism, we must mention the word "feminism". According to the New Encyclopedia Britannica, "feminism&
32、quot;, also called "feminist movement" or "women's liberation movement", refers to the social movement that seeks equal rights for women, giving them equal status with men and freedom to decide their own careers and life patterns. There are other five different definitions of
33、 Feminism:I .Challenging the power structure between men and women; seeing men and women as groups rather than individuals.2. Rebelling against and rejecting power structures, institutions, laws, or social conventions that maintain women as subordinate, powerless, or second-class citizens.3. Arguing
34、 against the division of labor that values men in the public sphere (work, sports, government, law, war) and devalues women in the private sphere (home, child care, reproductive labor, housework, maintaining family).4. Working as a collective to fight for women's rights in all facets of modern l
36、 women's struggle for their political rights, and flourished in the world of literature. It was encouraging, thrilling and enlightening for a time, but it also had been faced with challenges, doubts and animadversion. It tries to undermine the patriarchal and hierarchical system in which men are
37、 regarded as "active", "dominating", "rational" and woman as "passive", “ submissive" and "emotional":In the following parts, the development of feminism, especially its application in literary criticism will be outlined in order to clarify the
42、n order to secure status and privilege. In 1848, Stanton and Mott call the first Seneca Falls Convention for women's rights; draft the Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments, which calls for women's right to vote and states that all men and women are created equal. In 1851 ， Susan B. Anthony
43、 begins to campaign with Stanton for women's education, right to divorce, women's property rights, careers for women, and right to vote. In the 1870s and 1880s, social purity feminism emerges, arguing against alcohol, violence, and sexual excess as masculine evils that threaten women and fam
46、 on April 21, 1816. She was the third child of Maria Branwell BrottE and the Reverend Patrick Brott6. Originally of Irish descent, the children all inherited their father's passionate Irish temperament. When Charlotte was five years old, Charlotte's mother died and Charlotte's aunt, a de
47、vout Methodist, helped her brother-in-law raise his children. Therefore, the Brottes moved to Haworth, a village on the Yorkshire moors, when Patrick Brotte was appointed rector of the Haworth parish church. The Haworth Parsonage, set high on a hill, overlooked the church graveyard on one side and t
48、he wild desolate moors of Yorkshire on the other. It was in this good environment that the six Brotte children, Maria, Elizabeth, Charlotte, Branwell (the only son), Emily, and Anne formed their own imaginary world. As the oldest daughter in a family of six, Brott6 helped raise her brother, Branwell
49、, and two sisters, Emily and Anne. Their father, a strict clergyman, believed in self-education, and his children was forbidden to attend school or socialize with other children. Intellectual growth was encouraged by Mr. Brott6, however, and he introduced his family to Bible and to the works of Will
50、iam Shakespeare, William Words-worth, and Sir Walter Scott. He allowed his children to roam on the moor. As the young Brotte grew up, they became more adventurous and gained a sensibility of everyday details in nature which was akin to Wordsworth's own. Their acute awareness of nature and their
51、feeling of nearness to it strengthen the haunting sense of the mystery and beauty of everyday life which infuses their books. Though the Brotte children were intellectually precocious, their cloistered upbringing created a sense of isolation that made social interaction outside the family difficult.
52、 In 1824, Charlotte and three of her sisters-Maria, Elizabeth, and Emily-were sent to Cowan Bridge, a school for daughters of clergymen. Obviously he chose the school for its low tuition, but the living conditions were intolerable and the discipline overly rigid. The "Lowood" section of Ja
53、ne Eyre vividly conveys Charlotte's unhappy memories of her experience there. After an outbreak of tuberculosis killed Maria and Elizabeth, Charlotte and Emily were brought home. The surviving kids all became each others' best friends. They created the imaginary kingdom of Gondal and Angria,
54、 which they chronicled in poems, stories, and plays set in that realm. Charlotte and Branwell were in charge of Angria proper, while Emily and Anne (the youngest) ran the neighboring kingdom of Gondal. In these youthful writings, Angria provides the settings like wars, romance, and intrigue. Althoug
55、h the literary value of the Angrian chronicles is not so important, they indicate the genesis of Charlotte's creative talents. During this period, Charlotte taught her sisters at home and worked temporarily as a governess, an experience which she described in Jane Eyre. Several years later, Char
56、lotte returned to school, this time in Roe Head, England. She became a teacher at the school in 1835 but decided after several years to become a private governess instead. She was hired to live with and tutor the children of the wealthy Sidgewick family in 1839, but the job was a misery to her and s
57、he soon quit. Once Charlotte recognized that her dream of starting her own school was not immediately realizable, she returned to working as a governess, this time for another family. Finding herself equally disappointed with governess work the second time around, Charlotte recruited her sisters to
58、joinher in more serious preparation for the establishment of a school. Although the Brontes' school was unsuccessful, their literary projects flourished. Charlotte's next adventure was going to school in Brussels with Emily in 1842. Charlotte's time there was brief, less than two years,
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